Students learn life as 18th century child. Experimental Archaeology.

Students dressed in 18th century clothing making an apple Pomander Ball.

More information here: https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/education/students-learn-life-as-th-century-child/article_3f315b26-193b-11ea-9cce-2bc03133f052.html

Human skull and skeleton dredged up from the depths of the Thames 'belonged to convict thrown overboard from 18th century prison ship'

Image copyright to Lara Maiklem.

A human skull and partial skeleton dredged up from the murky depths of the River Thames is thought to be a convict thrown overboard from an 18th century prison ship.

The remains are now to be studied by leading forensics experts in Australia in the hope of finding out why the person came to be buried in a shallow grave next to mudflats in the Thames Estuary.

They have been dated between 200 and 300 years old and were discovered in an area where prison hulks would moor before setting off for Australian penal colonies.

More Information Here: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7771557/Human-skull-skeleton-dredged-depths-Thames-belonged-18th-century-convict.html

Battle of Texel, 1673 (Third Anglo-Dutch War): 제3차 잉글랜드-네덜란드 전쟁, 텍설 전투

More Information On The Half Axe.

Half-Axe Information.

Basically the half axe was larger than a tomahawk but smaller than a felling axe.
https://www.furtradetomahawks.com/half-axes---21.html

camp axe: an axe with a lighter head (2 1/4 lb.) than a regular axe and a handle that measures around 19”. (also: half axe)
http://www.yesteryearstools.com/Yesteryears%20Tools/Glossary%3A%20Axes,%20Edge%20Tools,%20etc..html

Then sometime around 1750 a new pattern began to
evolve from the boarding axes of the time that were heavier and
much more compact with a straighter, shorter, thicker spike and
a "half axe" style blade.
http://tatcalite.tripod.com/id10.htm

http://woodsrunnersdiary.blogspot.com/2010/08/axe-and-tomahawk.html

https://woodsrunnersdiary.blogspot.com/2011/03/tomahawks-hatchets-which-is-best.html

Names can confuse as well as clarify, and this is especially true

of the tomahawk. For years students and writers, archeolo-

gists and collectors have been accustomed to using names for

specific forms or general categories of hatchet or tomahawk. They

refer to squaw axes, half axes, or to French, Spanish, Minne-

wauken, Woodlands, or English types with the calm assumption

that these are accepted terms and will be understood.

A final general term occasionally encountered is the half axe or

half hatchet. This derived from the era when axe blades frequently

flared out symmetrically. In the half axe only the side toward the

hand flared out. The other side was straight or curved slightly in

the same direction. In the era considered here, the half axe was

the normal form for hatchets and felling axes, and the term itself

was becoming obsolete. 6

In early examples, spiked tomahawks were sometimes made with shanks for insertion into a wooden shaft in much the same manner as the usual halberd type. In such instances they were normally forged from one piece of iron or steel. One specimen found near Rome, New York, seems to have

been made by applying a small conical spike to a standard half axe.

Johnson, Reynaldo Address unknown. In 1808 he delivered 178 half axes at 500 each and 22 tomahawks at 400 each to the Office of IndianTrade. https://archive.org/stream/americanindianto01pete/americanindianto01pete_djvu.txt

https://books.google.com.au/books?id=4P5eAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=what+is+a+19th+century+%22half-axe%22&source=bl&ots=cn7_1rD2Fq&sig=ACfU3U0CY31ZqKuLvM0l5LhpFWkg8-u8wg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8kKap4pjmAhWVeisKHXFOCrY4ChDoATAGegQIBxAB#v=onepage&q=%20%22half-axe%22&f=false

My Log Cabin

Native American First National

The Half-Axe.

I purchased my first hand forged tomahawk many years ago from a Blacksmith in Victoria. I realised after a while that the head on this tomahawk was simply too large for my needs, so I made a longer helve & turned it into a half-axe. I do not want to have to carry a saw, I do all my journeying on foot these days & carrying a saw is simply not practical. But when I have heavier cutting to do the half-axe is just the thing I need.

This image shows the half-axe secured under the blanket roll ties.