Students learn life as 18th century child. Experimental Archaeology.

Students dressed in 18th century clothing making an apple Pomander Ball.

More information here: https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/education/students-learn-life-as-th-century-child/article_3f315b26-193b-11ea-9cce-2bc03133f052.html

Australian Aboriginals. The First Farmers. A New History!

Aboriginal farm near Mount Franklin. Picture Credit: Culture Victoria.

https://www.foreground.com.au/environment/decolonising-agriculture-bruce-pascoes-dark-emu/;

Australian Aboriginals. The First Farmers . A New Australian History.

It seems that what we have been taught about the Indigenous Australians is not true, & this puts a whole new perspective on our history & the resultant Living History in Australia.

“Gammage argues, the first Australians worked a complex system of land management, with fire their biggest ally, and drew on the life cycles of plants and the natural flow of water to ensure plentiful wildlife and plant foods throughout the year. They managed, he says, the biggest estate on Earth”.

https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/the-first-farmers-20110930-1l1gv.html

“Indigenous historian Bruce Pascoe has spent years looking through these incredible accounts and found the first white settlers documented how Aboriginal people built homes, villages, parks, dams and wells, selected seeds for harvesting, ploughed fields, irrigated crops and preserved food in vessels”.

“Aboriginal people were the first culture on earth to bake, evidenced by unearthed grindstones from 30,000 years ago, meaning Aussies beat the ancient Egyptians by more than 15,000 years”.

“It has been purposefully left out of our history,” he said. “The misconception that Aboriginals were hunter-gatherers has been institutionalised and we are all suffering from that institutionalisation today — not just Aboriginal people but the whole country.”

https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/indigenous-historian-bruce-pascoe-says-weve-got-our-story-all-wrong/news-story/70518cd1c35efd73c126ec0c19bb8281

Young Dark Emu By Bruce Pascoe: https://www.booktopia.com.au/young-dark-emu-bruce-pascoe/prod9781925360844.html?source=pla&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIqYO73pnb4wIVRAwrCh3jEQe8EAQYAyABEgIQz_D_BwE

When explorer George Grey first entered the Victoria District of the central west coast of Western Australia in 1839, he noted yam fields of square kilometres in extent. One tract "extended east and west as far as we could see". Further south he recorded that "the whole of this valley is an extensive warran [yam] ground".

A few years later Augustus Gregory, a surveyor who later became a famous explorer and Surveyor General of Queensland, stated that the local Aboriginal population "never dug a yam without planting the crown in the same hole so that no diminution of food supply should result".

Another colonial explorer, Lt. Helpman, commented in 1849 that the Nhanda and Amangu "are a fine race of men but seem to depend entirely upon warran and gum, of which they have great abundance".

Grey also reported four villages in the region, two of which he observed at Hutt River the day after encountering the yam fields. He wrote: "In this distance passed two native villages, or, as the men termed them, towns". These villages comprised dwellings that were "very nicely plastered over the outside with clay, and clods of turf," and which Grey thought "were evidently intended for fixed places of residence".

According to Helpman, these dwellings were "well plastered outside and the timber which formed it was about 6 in. [15 cm] thickness, about 6 ft. [1.8 m] high inside and capable of holding ten persons easily".

https://nationalunitygovernment.org/content/evidence-indigenous-australian-agriculture#main-content

Pittsburgh's Lost Outpost: Captain Trent's Fort. BOOKS.

https://lordnelsons.com/bookstore/256PIttsburghLostOutpost.htm

Area Students Explore Living History

http://weeklyvillager.com/area-students-explore-living-history/

18th-Century Surveying Demonstration Scheduled For Saturday At Fort De Chartres

http://www.stegenherald.com/vivestegen/th-century-surveying-demonstration-scheduled-for-saturday-at-fort-de/article_0c3b9394-52f4-11e8-930a-a3cab6b1589f.html

17th Century Camp & Tactical Event. Daniel Benton Homestead.

	19 May at 9:00 to 21 May at 16:00 EDT
	160 Metcalf Road, Tolland, Connecticut 06084

2nd annual 17th C. encampment and tactical event, concentrating on the period of the Pequot through King Philip's War era. Native, English, and Dutch colonial impressions are welcome. Participants may arrive and set up after 9:00am on the 19th. For more information contact Tom Nedweden at 860-798-3747.

https://www.facebook.com/events/1835948029987015/

Two Great Books To Read To Children Of All Ages.

Do you read to your children or Grandchildren? The following books are great for children of all ages, I read these to my three sons.

The Matchlock Gun By Walter D. Edmonds.

In 1756, New York State was still a British colony, and the French and the Indians were constant threats to Edward and his family. When his father was called away to watch for a raid from the north, only Edward was left to protect Mama and little Trudy. His father had shown him how to use the huge matchlock gun, an old Spanish gun that was twice as long as he was, but would Edward be able to handle it if trouble actually came? This classic, first published in 1941, has an updated, kid-friendly format that includes the original black-and-white illustrations.

Winter Danger By William O'Steel.

Caje's taciturn father has raised him to be a woodsy, always on the move, hunting and trading, trying to stay alive. Jared Amos adamantly believes that neither he nor his son should be beholden to anyone, ever. When they're forced by the worst Tennessee winter on record to stay with Caje'saunt and uncle, the boy is excited to have the opportunity of being warm and safe, well-fed, and on a farm. His father can only bear it for a short time before abandoning his son in the middle of one harsh winter night. There are plenty of exciting scenes involving Indians, bears, hungry wolves and a panther, illness and starvation due to the unusual weather. Caje eventually realizes that he belongs with this family; being beholden just means that he'll be able to return the favour eventually.

Look these books up on the net, plenty of copies for sale.

Keith.

The Matchlock Gun PDF.

http://playpen.icomtek.csir.co.za/~acdc/education/Dr_Anvind_Gupa/Learners_Library_7_March_2007/Resources/books/matchlock.pdf

Education in the America (17th & 18th centuries)

Courtesy: The Free Library of Philadelphia

Colonial schoolmaster and student. The Carpenters' Company not only helped educate children of deceased members but often found them positions as apprentices.

Woodslore.

A follower of my video channel (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHEOMSZJETfj3GnoyONuvCQ) asked me what books did I recommend on 18th century woodslore. I told him that I learnt myself from being in the woods since a small child, and learnt nothing of woodslore from books, so I was unable to make any recommendations.
Woodslore covers a wide variety of wilderness living skills, for those of us who learnt from actually being in the woods it was a matter of trial and error, or the sudden realisation that what you just did was dangerous and you make a mental note not to do it again. I am not sure that I can remember everything that I now do in the woods just naturally, but I will try and list a few things that could be useful and perhaps save you injury or death. These are not listed in any priority.

·        Some Woodslore I have learnt over the years:

• ·        If you want to learn what nature has to teach, you must first understand that you are just another animal and have a natural place in this environment.
• ·        Never rush through the woods unless you have to, you can miss a lot along the trail by rushing. Take the time to stop frequently and to look and listen.
• ·        Always remember to look up when in the woods & look out for “widow makers”. Widow Makers are branches which have broken off and are just hanging there waiting for the wind to bring them down.
• ·        Always check the safety of the trees around you when choosing a camp site. Especially look out for widow makers.
• ·        Never step onto a log which may not hold your weight. You never know what may be inside it.
• ·        Never step over a log without knowing what is on the other side.
• ·        On very windy days, it is best not to wander in the woods. Even a small stick from high in a tree can be driven into the ground.
• ·        Never use your axe for cutting firewood if there is no real need. Plenty of firewood can be collected from the forest floor, and wood can be broken over a rock or on another piece of wood.
• ·        Pay attention to the sounds around you, any and all sounds should be watched for. A falling branch, a falling tree, animal noises, breaking sticks, rolling rocks etc. Always trust your instincts even though it may seem not to have come to anything. If it does not feel right, pay attention.
• ·        Always clear a debris free area around your camp fire area and your shelter so that fire can not spread in the night.
• ·        Never make a fire in very hot weather.
• ·        If you do not want to attract attention, do not make a fire.
• ·        Always carry enough food supplies in case game is scarce.
• ·        Always carry some foods that do not require cooking.
• ·        Always carry your gun loaded when there may be potential danger.
• ·        Always use a hammer boot/cap on your flintlock as a safety precaution.
• ·        A gun shot can be heard for miles in the woods.
• ·        There is very little edible plants available in winter time.
• ·        Traps will save ammunition and they will be working for you while you sleep or are busy with other chores.
• ·        Keep an eye out for natural shelters on your travels, you never know when you may pass that way again and be in need of a quick shelter.
• ·        Always look after your equipment and keep it in good order and your blades sharp. Your tools have a specific functions, don’t use them for any other purpose if you don’t have to.
• ·        If you are going to make a shelter, do it before you make fire. If it starts to rain or snow, you can make fire under shelter.
• ·        Always store spare kindling at the back of your shelter in case your fire goes out in the night.
• ·        Stack firewood close so you can stoke the fire without leaving your blanket.
• ·        Use rocks at the back of your fire to reflect some warmth into your shelter. Never use rocks from a creek or river.
• ·        If you dig a fire pit, use the earth to surround the pit to stop rain water flowing in and extinguishing your fire.
• ·        Make your bed on a pile of sticks to keep you up off the cold ground and to let water flow under you should it run through your shelter.
• ·        Collect water for you water bottle at every opportunity. You never know where the next water source may be.
• ·        Water is a source of food, always follow a water course if you can.
• ·        Other animals can teach you much, pay attention to them. Animals do not naturally rush through the woods without reason, pay attention. Other animals may have better hearing and scent than you do, and this can save your life. Pay attention!
• ·        Always carry spare tinder in your pack.
• ·        Look for tinders along the trail if you are getting low.
• ·        Make sure to top up your tinderbox at every fire making if it needs it.
• ·        Always have your fire steel securely tied to your person so that it can not be lost.
• ·        Before making fire, remove your powder horn and place it at the back of your shelter and cover it with your blanket.
• ·        Always try and set up camp in daylight, and check the camp site for ant and spider nests.
• ·        Layer your clothing on a trek so you can remove or add to suit the temperature. Don’t push too hard and perspire, if your clothes do get wet in winter, take them off in front of the fire and dry them out before bedding down, or you will get cold in the night.
• ·        Always carry a candle with you in your fire bag, it will help to make fire if the kindling is damp.
• ·        When your gunpowder wallet is empty, it is a good place to store spare tinder.
• ·        When looking for dry kindling in wet weather, look under rocks and fallen trees, look in hollow trees, cut wood from dead trees; under the surface it will be dry.
• ·        Prepare several sizes of kindling before making fire.
• ·        Trees will usually fall down hill, but not always!
• ·        The bark will come off a living tree easier in the summer than in the winter.
• ·        Any large animal is dangerous if wounded.
• ·        Snakes can be slow to move and aggressive in spring, take care where you tread.
• ·        When drying your moccasins in front of the fire, do it slowly! Do not overheat the leather.
• ·        Always plug the vent hole before making fire with the lock of your gun.
• ·        Always make sure your gun can’t fall when not in your hands!
• ·        If you should lose the trail when tracking wounded game, mark the last sign with your handkerchief or neckerchief or patch cloth and move in ever increasing circles around your marker until you pick up the sign again. Always take care the game is not waiting in ambush!
• ·        Be sure to clearly sight your game before you shoot.
• ·        Be sure of the area beyond your target.
• ·        A ball or bullet can ricochet off water.
• ·        When using an axe or hatchet/tomahawk, make sure you are clear should the tool glance off the wood.
• ·        Always carry a bandage for injury or snake bite.
• ·        Some people have survived 3 weeks without food, but depending on exertion and weather conditions you will need water within 3 days. Always carry water with you.
• ·        On long treks, carry a ball mould and a lead ladle. You can remould the spent lead you retrieve from game.
• ·        Do not use dried grass or bark as wadding if there is a danger of starting a fire!
• ·        Char your tinder in the fire and extinguish it by placing it in your tinderbox and closing the lid.
• ·        Keep some uncharred tinder in your tinderbox.
• ·        Carry your fireworks in a greased leather fire bag to keep them dry.
• ·        Always wrap the head of your hatchet or use a sheath when carrying.
• ·        A button closure on the flap of your shot pouch will keep all inside safe if you should take a fall.
• ·        Wear your powder horn toward your back when hunting so as to stop sparks landing on the horn.
• ·        Seal inside your lock mortise and barrel channel with beeswax.
• ·        A smokeless fire is made with small dry kindling.
• ·        To keep a straight line in the woods without a compass in daylight, place your back to a tree and focus on another two successive trees in front of you. When you reach the first tree, put your back to that tree and repeat.
• ·        Marking trees to mark a trail is a good idea to maintain direction, and to aid you should you wish to return. But remember, other people can follow your trail.
• ·        To keep you warmer at night with only one blanket, carry extra clothing in your blanket roll.
• ·        When packing for the trail, there must be a compromise between two principles: maximum self-reliance, and minimum weight.

• 
  

This is not a conclusive list, there may be some I have missed. But there is always more to learn, we never stop learning and nature never ceases to amaze and surprise me. Take care wherever you roam.
Keith.

National Science Week grant: Endeavouring Science

http://anmm.wordpress.com/2014/04/01/national-science-week-grant/

British Series-Garrow's Law.

I am finding this series very interesting and educational, the British are well known for their good research and authenticity.

18th Century Day with the Wallace Collection in England.